II.

?

12 1940 . . . - . : , , , , , .

, , .

16 , . , . .. , , .

80- , .. , (., , 1985).

1:100, 2009 1:120.

1980- 12 , 3 , 1,5 . , , , . 2004 , 840 , 491 . 10 75, 164, 99, 86 .

. 2003 600 , 2006 470 . 1990 2003 7.8 , 3.6 , - 1.8 . 90- 800 , .

, . , 2003 3,75% , 2.0-2.5% , , .

2004- . 10 :

, (2007 ).

, , 53 , 61 , 70. − 30 50 . , 30-40 , , , , . , .

2006- .: 0,3 . , ! , 100 , . 2,7 , . .

. 1996- , 4% , . : 1997- 2.8% , 2003- 1,28% ( 1946-1950 ), 1,5-3%. - - 2007- 0,46% . , , , , .. .

2006- 35 , 21 . : 2000-2001 660 , , () ,   . , , , - .. 200 , 40 ,

, . . , , , , , . , , , . , , , - , . , .

, . (, 18-19, 2007 .): , . ! , , , , , ( , ) . , , , . , , .

. 20 - 50-60% , 20-30% , 10-15% . . , . : - , - , 100 . , , , . , , , .

, 2002 6.5%, 6%. , , 40% . : 65% , 71% , 75% .

20 . 11 42%, 20% 6 . , - , - . - - .

, . . , 80 , , . . 34 ( - . 18 2005- ). 120- 145 .

10-15 , 1995 . , . ., INTAS, ( 1991 ) 15 . 0,5%, 60%, 6%.

, , , - , . 65 , 45 , . 20 100 , 100 11 , . 2000- 130 .

, , . , , , .

. - ( 41, 2005 .) : , , , , , : - ? ? ?

, . , , , , , , . , , . , , . - , ( ), .. , , , .

. 1958- , - . 8 , 11 , .

: - 23% , 37%, 30%, 41%, 44%. , , : ? , , 90- , . . .

: . , . - , , : (., , 22, 2006 .).

2006- , - , . . - . , -, , - ..

: 90- . 1991- 40%.

, 2006- , 50- , . , , . -. , : . . , .

, . , . , , . , - , . , , , .

: . , . , , . , .

, , - , . .

.. ... .


, 1974 - 1980 . , , , , 360±30 /, - . , "Deutsche Physik", . FAQ .




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