Type Aliases
Additional names for variable or object types
Overview
Declaration
Overload resolution
Pointers to procedure pointers
Type forwarding
Incomplete types
Type aliases are alternative names for a type. They can be used to facilitate a mass change from one type to another, save typing, or make circular dependency possible.
Type aliases are declared using the Type keyword much like declaring variables or objects with Extern or Dim.
The following example declares a type alias to Single called "float", a procedure, and defines and initializes two variables of that type:
Procedure pointer type aliases are declared in the same fashion, as shown in the following example:
Type aliases are just that - aliases. For all intents and purposes, a type alias is the type it aliases. So as far as procedure overload resolution is concerned, a procedure declared with a parameter of type "alias_to_T" is the same as a procedure declared with a parameter of type "T" (the same applies to overloading member procedures as well).
In other words, it is an error - duplicated definition - to declare a procedure where parameters differ only in a type and its alias, as the following example shows:
Pointers to procedure pointers are just like any other pointer type, except they point to procedure pointers. Because the syntax for declaring procedure pointers doesn't allow directly creating a pointer to procedure pointer, a type alias is used.
The following example declares a pointer to a procedure returning an integer pointer, and then a pointer to a pointer to a procedure returning an integer:
Type aliases can be forward referencing: an alias can refer to some other type not yet fully defined.
Using a type alias and forward referencing allows circular dependencies between types.
A type is considered incomplete until the size of it, that is the number of bytes it would need to occupy in memory is known, and the offsets of all of its fields are known. It is not possible to allocate space for an incomplete type. It is not possible to declare a variable having the data type of an incomplete type, pass an incomplete type as a parameter, or access the members of an incomplete type.
However, pointers to incomplete types may be allocated, declared as members in other types, or passed as parameters to a procedures since the size of a pointer is known.
Overview
Declaration
Overload resolution
Pointers to procedure pointers
Type forwarding
Incomplete types
Overview
Type aliases are alternative names for a type. They can be used to facilitate a mass change from one type to another, save typing, or make circular dependency possible.
Declaration
Type aliases are declared using the Type keyword much like declaring variables or objects with Extern or Dim.
The following example declares a type alias to Single called "float", a procedure, and defines and initializes two variables of that type:
Type float As Single
Declare Function add (a As float, b As float) As float
Dim foo As float = 1.23
Dim bar As float = -4.56
Declare Function add (a As float, b As float) As float
Dim foo As float = 1.23
Dim bar As float = -4.56
Procedure pointer type aliases are declared in the same fashion, as shown in the following example:
Declare Function f (ByRef As String) As Integer
Type func_t As Function (ByRef As String) As Integer
Dim func As func_t = @f
Function f (ByRef arg As String) As Integer
Function = CInt(arg)
End Function
Type func_t As Function (ByRef As String) As Integer
Dim func As func_t = @f
Function f (ByRef arg As String) As Integer
Function = CInt(arg)
End Function
Overload resolution
Type aliases are just that - aliases. For all intents and purposes, a type alias is the type it aliases. So as far as procedure overload resolution is concerned, a procedure declared with a parameter of type "alias_to_T" is the same as a procedure declared with a parameter of type "T" (the same applies to overloading member procedures as well).
In other words, it is an error - duplicated definition - to declare a procedure where parameters differ only in a type and its alias, as the following example shows:
Type float As Single
Declare Sub f Overload (a As Single)
'' If uncommented, this will generate a duplicated definition error
'' Declare Sub f (a As float)
Declare Sub f Overload (a As Single)
'' If uncommented, this will generate a duplicated definition error
'' Declare Sub f (a As float)
Pointers to procedure pointers
Pointers to procedure pointers are just like any other pointer type, except they point to procedure pointers. Because the syntax for declaring procedure pointers doesn't allow directly creating a pointer to procedure pointer, a type alias is used.
The following example declares a pointer to a procedure returning an integer pointer, and then a pointer to a pointer to a procedure returning an integer:
Dim pf As Function() As Integer Ptr
Type pf_t As Function() As Integer
Dim ppf As pf_t Ptr
Type pf_t As Function() As Integer
Dim ppf As pf_t Ptr
Type forwarding
Type aliases can be forward referencing: an alias can refer to some other type not yet fully defined.
Type foo As bar
Type sometype
f As foo Ptr
End Type
Type bar
st As sometype
a As Integer
End Type
Type sometype
f As foo Ptr
End Type
Type bar
st As sometype
a As Integer
End Type
Using a type alias and forward referencing allows circular dependencies between types.
Type list As list_
Type listnode
parent As list Ptr
text As String
End Type
Type list_
first As listnode Ptr
count As Integer
End Type
Type listnode
parent As list Ptr
text As String
End Type
Type list_
first As listnode Ptr
count As Integer
End Type
Incomplete types
A type is considered incomplete until the size of it, that is the number of bytes it would need to occupy in memory is known, and the offsets of all of its fields are known. It is not possible to allocate space for an incomplete type. It is not possible to declare a variable having the data type of an incomplete type, pass an incomplete type as a parameter, or access the members of an incomplete type.
However, pointers to incomplete types may be allocated, declared as members in other types, or passed as parameters to a procedures since the size of a pointer is known.
Type sometype As sometype_
'' Not allowed since size of sometype is unknown
'' TYPE incomplete
'' a AS sometype
'' END TYPE
'' Allowed since size of a pointer is known
Type complete
a As sometype Ptr
End Type
Dim x As complete
'' Not allowed since size of sometype is still unknown
'' DIM size_sometype AS INTEGER = SIZEOF( sometype )
'' Complete the type
Type sometype_
value As Integer
End Type
'' Allowed since the types are now completed
Dim size_sometype As Integer = SizeOf( sometype )
Type completed
a As sometype
End Type
Dim size_completed As Integer = SizeOf( completed )
'' Not allowed since size of sometype is unknown
'' TYPE incomplete
'' a AS sometype
'' END TYPE
'' Allowed since size of a pointer is known
Type complete
a As sometype Ptr
End Type
Dim x As complete
'' Not allowed since size of sometype is still unknown
'' DIM size_sometype AS INTEGER = SIZEOF( sometype )
'' Complete the type
Type sometype_
value As Integer
End Type
'' Allowed since the types are now completed
Dim size_sometype As Integer = SizeOf( sometype )
Type completed
a As sometype
End Type
Dim size_completed As Integer = SizeOf( completed )
