Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is attempt to advance internal frame of
elementary particles by means of a mathematical formalism of a unitary
symmetry SU (3) and group theories. QCD has arisen from conclusions of a
relativity theory, principle of uncertainty of the Heisenberg and quantum
electrodynamics.
However "any attempts to construct the successive theory of internal
frame of elementary particles invariably resulted and result in failures"
(Stanjukovich, Lapchinsky [1]), and "till now it was not possible to find
theoretical criterion, which one would allow to construct natural
classification of all known particles" (Bransky, 1989 [2]).
On this background the expression of the leading scientists is rather
symptomatic in the field of elementary particle physics (EPP).
Difficulties in explanation of internal frame elementary particles arise
(as well as in their systematization – N.N.), apparently, because they are
considered as some mathematical points surrounded" by a cloud "from
virtual electrons, mesons, nucleons etc., not identical to actual objects.
However experiments of Hofshtadter on dissipation of fast electrons on
atomic nuclei convincingly have shown, that the nucleons have the final
spatial sizes" (Svechnikov [3]). Similar thought has stated a Mosquito,
Hoods and other researchers. Here, probably, it is necessary remind to the
developers of EPP that extent is one of basic nature of mass.
But "the notion about elementary particles as about extended objects
contradict the laws of a special relativity theory" (Stanjukovich,
Lapchinsky), as "The process of ideal precise measurements of length can
not be realized for an elementary particle. It causes legal doubts in a
feasibility of application of a relativity theory «inside particles»"
(Fainberg [4]). It means localization, relativity theory and principle of
uncertainty of the Heisenberg, or extent and waiving of the theories,
which one contradicts it.
Considering extent as fundamental property of mass, it is necessary to
construct the nonlocal physically reasonable theory of elementary
particles (TEP). We can make it with the help of systematization of
properties of elementary particles, depended on value of their masses (as
in the table of Mendelejev); with the help of dynamic spatial model
performances (as in atom); on the basis of development of spatial
structure. Naturally, the first attempts to systematize elementary
particles were connected with the analysis of their mass numbers, but it
has not allowed classifying them. Then the researchers have noted, that
the mass are distributed in close group, and their number in groups is
subject to a certain numerical sequence. Gell-Mann [5] and irrespective of
him Tswaig [6] have supposed (in 1964), that this sequence is subject to
the laws of a unitary symmetry SU (3) of group theories (mathematical
theory), which one gives a numerical series 1; 8; 10; 27;... "and which
one is made up three initial numbers" (Stanjukovich). The search of three
particles having been undertaken by them, by help of that would be
possible to compound masses of all remaining particles, was not led to
success. Then Gell-Mann and Tswaig have supposed, that there are certain
three prime particles – quarks, which one are not present in a free state
having fractional electrical and baryon charges.
With help of the quark model, the tenth particle in the third group was
retrieved. The confidence in a correctness of selected path for the
researchers has increased. Some success of this model has given a hope.
That was even marked by the Nobel Prize. However in due course, when
quantity of particles became more than 300, and quarks – 36 {(6 quarks + 6
antiquarks) × 3 colours}, the quantum chromodynamics has turn into the
impassable quark jungle. An orderly natural system of classification of
elementary particles has failed. TEP has lost the way in three quarks.
Attempts to classify elementary particles with help of spatial
structure were not undertaken, so far as from very beginning it was
refused to particles to have spatial frame. The sizes of radiuses of
nucleons (proton and neutron) 0,8 Fermis (1F = 10–13 cm)
are obtained by Hofshtadter experimentally, therefore they could not be
disclaimed and are inserted in the reference books (as annoying exception,
on which one nobody pay attentions).
Physicist – theorist K.A. Tokhtarov (from Alma-Ata) after careful
analysis of EPP problems in 1993 has considered dynamics of development of
a volume of elementary particles [7, 8, 9]. For this purpose he had to
make two suppositions: a spatial mass density of elementary particles is
approximately identical; the shape of particles can be presented as
spheres. Having determined their density with the help of radius
Hofshtadter, Tokhtarov has found out, that the increment of radiuses from
group to group is approximately identical. Therefore it is possible to
accept it for a constant. Besides there should be one some more group of
hadrons not detected experimentally for the present.
The Tokhtarov's classification of groups of hadrons looks as
quantization of mass or volumes and is described by the formula:
Mn = A(Bn)3, where:
Mn – mass of the lightest hadrons in group having
number n;
A and B – constant;
n – number of group (n = 1, 2, 3 etc.).
Tokhtarov points out, that at the formula there is a direct
manifestation of quantum properties, and also signs of a unitary symmetry,
as ratio M1/M1;
M2/M1;
M3/M1...= 1; 8; 27; 64; 125... Mass of
shells correlate as m1/m1;
m2/m1;
m3/m1... = 1; 7; 19; 37... That
indicates quantity and nature of particles, which are formed in
interactions depending on what shells participate in them. If
k-meson collide with nucleon by the outer shells, the one k-meson
and three π-mesons or six π-mesons (without calculation of energy of
interaction) can occur. There is a weak analogy of shells to quarks
(unobserving, successive increase of mass, number of shells, their
applicability as the constituents of hadrons). If we shell prolong the
analogy we can suppose about existents same more quarks. Number of them
should be 48 {(8 quarks + 8 antiquarks) × 3 colours}.
Now it is necessary to find out regularity of change of masses of
elementary particles inside groups, and also to attempt to construct their
dynamic mechanism model. However it is already now possible to tell, that
the first actual step to natural construction of classification of
elementary particles is made on the basis of their internal structure.
The literature:
K.P. Stanjukovich, V.G. Lapchinsky. A systematization of
elementary particles. In coll. About a systematization of fundamental
particles. Atoms, nuclei, elementary particles. Atomizdat M. 1970.
V.P. Bransky. The theory of elementary particles as object
of methodological research. Edition the Leningrad university, L., 1989.
G.A. Svechnikov. The inexhaustible of a matter. In coll.
Structure and form of matter. Science, M., 1967, page 106.
E.L. Fainberg. Non-locality. In coll. A relativity theory
and high-energy physics. A series: physics, mathematician and astronomy.
#12, Knowledge, M., 1966, page 40.
M. Gell – Mann. Phys. Lett., 8, 214, 1964.
G. Zweig. CERN preprints Th. 401 and 412, 1964.
K.A. Tokhtarov. About structure of hadrons. SPE "Print",
Institute of high-energy physics, Academy of Sciences; Kaz. SSR,
Alma-Ata, 1993.
K.A. Tokhtarov. To radiuses of hadrons. SPE "Print",
Institute of high-energy physics, Academy of Sciences; Kaz. SSR,
Alma-Ata, 1993.
K.A. Tokhtarov. To a spectrum of mass of hadrons. SPE
"Print", Institute of high-energy physics, Academy of Sciences; Kaz.
SSR, Alma-Ata, 1993.
Знаете ли Вы, как разрешается парадокс Ольберса? (Фотометрический парадокс, парадокс Ольберса - это один из парадоксов космологии, заключающийся в том, что во Вселенной, равномерно заполненной звёздами, яркость неба (в том числе ночного) должна быть примерно равна яркости солнечного диска. Это должно иметь место потому, что по любому направлению неба луч зрения рано или поздно упрется в поверхность звезды. Иными словами парадос Ольберса заключается в том, что если Вселенная бесконечна, то черного неба мы не увидим, так как излучение дальних звезд будет суммироваться с излучением ближних, и небо должно иметь среднюю температуру фотосфер звезд. При поглощении света межзвездным веществом, оно будет разогреваться до температуры звездных фотосфер и излучать также ярко, как звезды. Однако в дело вступает явление "усталости света", открытое Эдвином Хабблом, который показал, что чем дальше от нас расположена галактика, тем больше становится красным свет ее излучения, то есть фотоны как бы "устают", отдают свою энергию межзвездной среде. На очень больших расстояниях галактики видны только в радиодиапазоне, так как их свет вовсе потерял энергию идя через бескрайние просторы Вселенной. Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.
