During centuries many researchers all over the world attempted to open
a secret of a globular lightning (further GL), however its nature while
still remains by a secret under seven locks. So, in the monography of J.
Barry "Ball lightning and bead lightning" [1] (1983) is mentioned about
four hundred authors, which one studied a phenomenon of GL. Among them
Lomonosov and Richman (1753), Tate (1880), Rimann (1897), Gesehus (1899)
were. The works of Rabat (high-voltage flash-over in the unloaded gas),
Kapitsa [2] (GL is fed by an invisible channel of a linear lightning),
Smirnov [3] (recharge of ions in plasma on multielectronic admixtures),
Barry (combustion of hydrocarbon), Stakhanov [4] (derivation of
hyperthermal clusters and high molecular films like bubble) excite
particular interest. More or less actual hypotheses of the nature of GL
are expressed in these works.
In 1975...1977 Stakhanov literally has undertaken storm on attempt to
open the nature of GL. Through the magazine "Science and life" he has
addressed to the population of former USSR with the request to the
eyewitnesses to send the descriptions of a phenomenon of GL. More than
thousand letters were received. Stakhanov has processed of the obtained
items of information. The outcomes can be expressed by his words: "the
materials of interrogation of the population once again have confirmed,
that the reality of GL does not cause doubts, as well as that the problem
on its parentage prolongs to remain in abeyance".
The analysis of the descriptions of the eyewitnesses has shown, that
GL:
is plasma formation having temperature in a wide range 500...1500°C
(by tracks of melting of metal things, heating of water in vessels,
combustion of trees during destruction of GL). At the same time
radiation of heat and radiation energy before its destruction is not
enough, that it does not keep any tracks even at flyover almost closely;
has Ball-shaped luminous formation with clear boundary separating it
from an environment. The motion of GL does not result in fuzzying this
boundary in air (as at combustion, for example). The shell of GL is
steady and is elastic in conditions of strong deformation (at
infiltration through slots and holes), and the ball-shaped of formation
is completely restored immediately;
has a wide scatter of values of energies (for example, bricky
chimney or corner of a bricky house are destroyed; the recess in asphalt
is formed; the water in a bucket is heated etc.);
is capable to have of large value an electrical charge, that can not
have a customary body of the same volume and mass. Its force is enough
to kill the person, animal, to melt a wire in a radio receiver or in the
telephone, as at a short circuit of a large current).
has anomalously large life time lasting from 1 sec up to 2 min. For
customary plasma it makes approximately 10–3 sec, and
the recombination of ions lasts only 10–10 sec (!);
goes in such a manner that it is possible to make the conclusion:
the direction of its motion depends not only on a wind direction, but
largely – from magnetic field intensity, so far as it either is pushed
out in area with lowered strength (enclosed space), or moves along
equipotential lines of a magnetic field (bends constructions, landscape
on definite distance). Moreover the vertical electrical field does not
influence in any way on its motion;
is the product of a linear lightning (further LL), or other
electrical discharge.
Hypothesis of the quantum nature of GL
Phenomena accompanying destruction of GL, such as bang, detonating,
large currents, release of a thermal energy are properties of certain
formation. These properties would be displayed with natural way by
appropriate atmospheric conditions. Analysing properties of GL and
characteristic of electrical and magnetic fields of the Earth by a way of
simulation of physical processes happening at discharges of LL in
atmosphere, it is possible to offer a new hypothesis of the nature of
GL.
The deviation of LL from a vertical position is watched regularly.
There is it that the conductivity of atmosphere is non-uniform, so far as
the chemical composition, density and air humidity is heterogeneous. It is
possible also frequently to see, how from the main channel of a lightning
the lateral branches spread, which one almost instantly disappear in
atmosphere. Some of them find oneself in favorable condition for
occurrence of GL. The deviations of LL can take place at blow of it to a
surface of the Earth, tree or support of aerial line. What does happen
then?
At deviation of LL from a vertical direction eastern or western it is
exposed to influence of crossed magnetic and electrical fields of the
Earth. Revolving under operation of a magnetic field on a Larmor radius
(under operation of forces of the Lorentz), the electrons of plasma in a
channel of a lightning are simultaneously pushed by an electrical field
from plasma out of boundary of a cloud of positively ionized atoms. If the
forces of an electrostatic attraction between ions and electrons appear
equal centrifugal, the electrons find themselves on steady quantized (with
a quasi-classical approximation) orbit around of a cloud of ions and
compress it in the magnetic trap.
Such long-lived formation can have a large spectrum of values of a
stored energy (in its several kinds). Its most essential part is made by
potential electrostatic energy of disjointed charges.
Let's look, how assumed model of GL conform to conditions of the
Earth's atmosphere. Magnetic force lines of the Earth are directed from a
north on the south. The magnetic induction of it varies within the limits
of 3·10–5...7·10–5 Tl. The vertical electric
field tension is equal from 2,5 up to 130 V/m and can reach during a
thunderstorm of much more values.
Let us calculate an equilibrium condition of shells on orbits for the
most widespread case observed GL of 10 cm in diameter. We shall obtain
velocity of electrons on orbits equal 80 m/s (compare, velocity of
electrons in a channel of LL – ≤ 105 m/s). A magnetic induction for
obtaining a Larmor radius in 5 cm at velocity of electrons 80 m/s
should be 10–8 Tl (compare, magnetic field of the Earth –
3·10–5 Tl). Thus, for formation of GL it is necessary,
that the velocity of electrons in LL was rather slowed and the magnetic
induction of the Earth would be considerably loosed.
The slowing – down of velocity of electrons is quite possible at
deviation of a branch of LL from the main channel. As to attenuation of a
magnetic induction, it can take place only near to a channel of LL, as
outcome of effect of its whirlwind magnetic field, since it represents a
current, which one can reach value 4·104 A.
The calculation also displays, that for formation of one electronic
shell of GL (adopted size) 2·109 electrons are necessary
approximately (outgoing from a Pauli's principle). The GL will be steady
against a magnetic field of the Earth, if it has about 103 such
shells. In this case ionization of plasma will make up about 1%, that is
quite real at such temperatures.
The status of a mater, which one is reached by separation of charges
and formation of the steady configuration with motion of electrons in
shells around of a cloud of positively ionized atoms, can not be named as
plasma any more, as its quasi-neutrality is infringed. At the same time,
at destruction of GL the matter again passes a status of plasma. In this
case thermal energy is released, which one was conserved by activity of an
electrical field in a potential energy of separation of charges and in
motion of electrons on orbits.
The conserved energy of magnetic and electrical fields of GL can be
released at its destruction not only by the heat.
So, if the width (quantity) of electronic shells is significant, the
connection of outside shells with ions' "core" is loosed, and they can
originate a powerful impulse of a current, having adjoined with a
conductor. In this case GL at first will partially be discharged, and then
will collect this charge back. At its full destruction also arise a double
impulse of a current: the electron shell is discharged at first, and then
the ions of "core" pick up these electrons back and recombine with heat
production.
Besides, GL can "work" as the vacuum bomb. The matter is that initial
temperature of atoms and ions inside the electron shell, serving as an
impenetrable barrier to atoms and electrons (both from inside and outside)
can not be conserved long time because of radiation losses. The
rarefaction inside the electronic shell will be increased so long, as it
will be crushed by a difference of pressure (it determines a lifetime of
GL). If thickness of the shell small, shrinkage will happen soft, without
the peculiar excesses (as in the majority observable cases), but if this
thickness is considerable, shrinkage has character of detonating, causing
strong destruction. The detonating happens on a background of an impulse
of a current on a conductor and the release of a thermal energy of a
recombination of ions.
It is necessary to indicate possible variety of an elemental
composition of GL (the color of radiation clearly indicates on it). The
velocity of electrons of LL varies in a broad range, therefore,
temperature of plasma also has different values, that determines, in turn,
what atoms of gases can participate in formation of GL.
The globular lightning is infrequent enough phenomenon since for its
occurrence the special premises in an Earth's atmosphere are required. One
is not obtained (even incidentally) in lab. Last is feasible only at
creation of a number of indispensable conditions, namely:
availability of a loosed magnetic field, directed across motion of
plasma in compliance with value of calculated GL (by quantity of atoms
and molecules at intended temperature);
creation of a strong electrical field crossed with magnetic field
and with direction of motion of plasma;
the elongation of a life time of plasma (for example, with the help
of recharges on multielectronic ions), that it was more of time of a
drift of electrons before hit them in the shell under operation of an
electrical field;
creation of moving plasma in crossed magnetic and electrical fields.
The special laboratory installation is indispensable for this purpose,
(for example as described in the book of V.G. Chase and G.C. Moore
"Blasting wires", M., 1963 [5]) and alloyed material (metal with
additives), having low temperature of a melting, evaporation and
ionization.
The literature:
J. Barry. Ball lightning and bead lightning. World, M.,
1983.
P.L. Kapitsa. About the nature of a globular lightning. The
reports AS USSR, v. 101, #2, p. 245, 1955.
B.M. Smirnov. Processes in a globular lightning. The
log-book of technical physics. v47, p. 814, 1977.
I.P. Stakhanov. About the physical nature of a globular
lightning. Energy-atom-publishing house, M., 1985.
Blasting out delays. The accumulator cell under edition,
Publishing house of the foreign literature V.G. Chase and G.C. Moore,
M., 1963.
Is published earlier:
"Science of Kazakhstan", 24 (132), 15...31, December,
1998.
Знаете ли Вы, в чем ложность понятия "физический вакуум"?
Физический вакуум - понятие релятивистской квантовой физики, под ним там понимают низшее (основное) энергетическое состояние квантованного поля, обладающее нулевыми импульсом, моментом импульса и другими квантовыми числами. Физическим вакуумом релятивистские теоретики называют полностью лишённое вещества пространство, заполненное неизмеряемым, а значит, лишь воображаемым полем. Такое состояние по мнению релятивистов не является абсолютной пустотой, но пространством, заполненным некими фантомными (виртуальными) частицами. Релятивистская квантовая теория поля утверждает, что, в согласии с принципом неопределённости Гейзенберга, в физическом вакууме постоянно рождаются и исчезают виртуальные, то есть кажущиеся (кому кажущиеся?), частицы: происходят так называемые нулевые колебания полей. Виртуальные частицы физического вакуума, а следовательно, он сам, по определению не имеют системы отсчета, так как в противном случае нарушался бы принцип относительности Эйнштейна, на котором основывается теория относительности (то есть стала бы возможной абсолютная система измерения с отсчетом от частиц физического вакуума, что в свою очередь однозначно опровергло бы принцип относительности, на котором постороена СТО). Таким образом, физический вакуум и его частицы не есть элементы физического мира, но лишь элементы теории относительности, которые существуют не в реальном мире, но лишь в релятивистских формулах, нарушая при этом принцип причинности (возникают и исчезают беспричинно), принцип объективности (виртуальные частицы можно считать в зависимсоти от желания теоретика либо существующими, либо не существующими), принцип фактической измеримости (не наблюдаемы, не имеют своей ИСО).
Когда тот или иной физик использует понятие "физический вакуум", он либо не понимает абсурдности этого термина, либо лукавит, являясь скрытым или явным приверженцем релятивистской идеологии.
Понять абсурдность этого понятия легче всего обратившись к истокам его возникновения. Рождено оно было Полем Дираком в 1930-х, когда стало ясно, что отрицание эфира в чистом виде, как это делал великий математик, но посредственный физик Анри Пуанкаре, уже нельзя. Слишком много фактов противоречит этому.
Для защиты релятивизма Поль Дирак ввел афизическое и алогичное понятие отрицательной энергии, а затем и существование "моря" двух компенсирующих друг друга энергий в вакууме - положительной и отрицательной, а также "моря" компенсирующих друг друга частиц - виртуальных (то есть кажущихся) электронов и позитронов в вакууме.
Однако такая постановка является внутренне противоречивой (виртуальные частицы ненаблюдаемы и их по произволу можно считать в одном случае отсутствующими, а в другом - присутствующими) и противоречащей релятивизму (то есть отрицанию эфира, так как при наличии таких частиц в вакууме релятивизм уже просто невозможен). Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.
