GALACTIC EVOLUTION Dedicated to the bright memory of my daughter Anastasia
ABSTRACT.
This paper is expansion and improvement of the previous paper "Stellar Evolution". The sight at evolution of planets, stars, quasi-stellar objects and galaxies is systematized. Details of galactic and extragalactic circulations of substance in the Universe are viewed.
" I will deliver him; I will protect him, because he knows My name".
[Psalm 91]
Basing on a concept of structure of the Universe offered by Giordano Bruno [1], a concept of evolution of the Universe constructed by Immanuel Kant [2], a concept of the stationary Universe developed by Fred Hoyle [3,4], on the study which have been carried out by others classics of astronomy, including A. A. Belopolski [5], I. I. Campbell [6], R. J. Trumpler [7, 8], E. Hubble [9], Baade [10], E. Salpeter [11], H. C. Arp [13-23], J. and E.M. Burbidges [3,12,19,20], who explored properties of stars and galaxies, also utilising a rich actual data accumulated by astronomers for last decades, and also on the concept of aether offered by the author, let's try to construct a logically clear pattern of the Universe of stars and galaxies in its stationary development.
Unfortunately, despite of sufficiency of the accumulated data, the graceful pattern of developing Universe is garbled till now and it is latent from a look of astrophysics. So together with the description of this pattern the criticism of traditional astrophysical beliefs is given.
As a result of application of the ethereal approach developed by the author to problems of a cosmogony and a cosmology and to ordering the discovered phenomena the following is found out:
- The Universe is in a steady state up to observable horizon, and according to the analysis of dynamics of its subsystems, it is staying in this state during many billions years at least.
- The modern paradigm of consecutive evolution of the Universe with its partitioning on prior to stellar era, the era of proto-stars, the era of a birth of galaxies, etc., is false. Really all processes go parallel.
- The substance of the Universe is subjected to two basic circulations: extragalactic and galactic.
- Extragalactic circulation passes following stages:
- Formation of clouds H-4He gas from a "primary" extragalactic intermixture of protons and alpha-particles;
- Formation of stars of population II, the Kelvin stars, often, in structure of globular clusters;
- Elliptic galaxies formation from globular clusters;
- Transformation of elliptic galaxies in spiral galaxies;
- Degeneration of spiral galaxies into active galaxies and radiogalaxies;
- Self-destruction of radiogalaxies with emission of protons and alpha-particles.
- Galactic circulation transits following stages:
- Aggregation of a cryoconite of gas-and-dust clouds in microcomets;
- Growth of microcomets and their accretion larger space bodies: comets, planets and stars;
- Formation of Jovian type planets from cometary material;
- Growth of Jovian type planets up to brown dwarfs and further along the Main Sequence in process of magnification of mass;
- Achievement of a critical mass and supernova explosion or transition in a state of quasar;
- A dispelling of yields of supernova explosion on a galaxy in the form of a cryoconite and gas.
- Stars of population II are Kelvin stars gaining energy from the kinetic and gravitational energy through accretion of interstellar gas, the stars having very low temperature (less than 8000°K at the center) and very low density, in order milligrams on cubic meter. There are no any nuclear activity, nor fusion, nor fission.
- Pulsing stars of population II are stars breaking up from virial stability threshold.
- Quasars are post-stellar states of material, but not prior to stellar stage. They exist in all spiral, active and radiogalaxies.
- Detection of early types of quasars is restricted to its small size and location in dusty plane of the Galaxy.
- The supercompressed phase states of material play the great role in evolution of celestial bodies.
- Spiral galactic arms are formed due to a shock wave of moving with orbital velocity gas. Arms have low velocity.
- Milky Way has three spiral arms, which are intercrossed by stars of the disk. These crosses are characterized by global accidents.
- Stars in arms are not young stars, but stars with active accretion.
- Galactic baldge is radial streams of arm material, formed in a place of cancellation of elevating force of galactic shock wave.
Acknowlegments
The author considers as the duty to donate a tribute of storage to people, who have radically influenced on his views having turned them in a direction of the stated paradigm:
- To Dr. Otto Oesterle, (+2002, Germany), whose ideas in the field of the theory of temperature and aether have amazed me still a quarter century ago, at the first acquaintance to him in the Kazakh Mineral Raw Institute, Alma-Ata;
- To Dr. Theodor Landscheidt (+2004), the great continuer of spirit of Galileo and Kepler, the outstanding German solar physicist, the ecologist and predictor, whose spirit of which unlimited research inspired the author on greater work and prompted the correct trajectory of scientific search;
- To just left from us Nikolay Noskov (+2008), the wonderful person and true physicist, whose inspiration and constant encouragement have given the force to the author in his hard struggle.
The author is obliged to state the gratitude to people who supported his research in the field of astrophysics:
Alive classic of astrophysics Dr. Halton Christian Arp (Max Planck Astrophysical Institute, Munich) whose works on localization of quasars and the nature of redshifts have essentially influenced on sights of the author not only in cosmology and cosmogony, and also in optics and nuclear physics having made possible the integral vision of the Universe;
Alive classic of a nuclear physics Professor Friedwardt Winterberg (Nevada State University, USA), whose warm words of support inspired me in the most difficult minutes, and whose scientific judging allowed me to be confident that I go correct way;
- Russian planetologist Eugene Dmitriev, whose outstanding works on restitution of history of Martian atmosphere and discovering cometary material on the Earth, have assisted to look at evolution of planets newly and have inspired the author on the present research.
The author also expresses the gratitude for discussion of the problems touched in the present paper and moral support to Ph.D. F.F. Gorbatzevich (Kola Scientific Center of RAS, Apatites), Professor, Ph.D. A.A. Potapov (Institute of Systems and Theory of Control of RAS Siberian Branch, Irkutsk, Russia), Chief Engineer of "KazSat AG" A.Y. Solunia (Kazakhstan), to participants of scientific Internet-forums: Lyndon Ashmore (physicist from UK), Boris Andreyev (Russia) and others.
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Знаете ли Вы, почему "черные дыры" - фикция? Согласно релятивистской мифологии, "чёрная дыра - это область в пространстве-времени, гравитационное притяжение которой настолько велико, что покинуть её не могут даже объекты, движущиеся со скоростью света (в том числе и кванты самого света). Граница этой области называется горизонтом событий, а её характерный размер - гравитационным радиусом. В простейшем случае сферически симметричной чёрной дыры он равен радиусу Шварцшильда". На самом деле миф о черных дырах есть порождение мифа о фотоне - пушечном ядре. Этот миф родился еще в античные времена. Математическое развитие он получил в трудах Исаака Ньютона в виде корпускулярной теории света. Корпускуле света приписывалась масса. Из этого следовало, что при высоких ускорениях свободного падения возможен поворот траектории луча света вспять, по параболе, как это происходит с пушечным ядром в гравитационном поле Земли. Отсюда родились сказки о "радиусе Шварцшильда", "черных дырах Хокинга" и прочих безудержных фантазиях пропагандистов релятивизма. Впрочем, эти сказки несколько древнее. В 1795 году математик Пьер Симон Лаплас писал: "Если бы диаметр светящейся звезды с той же плотностью, что и Земля, в 250 раз превосходил бы диаметр Солнца, то вследствие притяжения звезды ни один из испущенных ею лучей не смог бы дойти до нас; следовательно, не исключено, что самые большие из светящихся тел по этой причине являются невидимыми." [цитата по Брагинский В.Б., Полнарёв А. Г. Удивительная гравитация. - М., Наука, 1985] Однако, как выяснилось в 20-м веке, фотон не обладает массой и не может взаимодействовать с гравитационным полем как весомое вещество. Фотон - это квантованная электромагнитная волна, то есть даже не объект, а процесс. А процессы не могут иметь веса, так как они не являются вещественными объектами. Это всего-лишь движение некоторой среды. (сравните с аналогами: движение воды, движение воздуха, колебания почвы). Подробнее читайте в FAQ по эфирной физике.
